科学与环境的关系英语9篇科学与环境的关系英语 学习-----好资料 环境工程专业英语 pollution infectiousdiseases有传染性的疾病污染waterborne下面是小编为大家整理的科学与环境的关系英语9篇,供大家参考。
环境工程专业英语
pollution
infectious diseases 有传染性的疾病污染 waterborne diseases a 水传染的疾病cid rain 酸雨 agrarian society
interaction of systems 农业社会系统的交互作用 industrial society environmental problem 工业社会环境问题
industrial revolution environmental disturbance 产业革命环境破坏 urbanization
biotic habitat 城市化生物环境 industrialization
sulfur dioxide 工业化二氧化硫 developed country nitrogen oxide 发达国家氧化氮 developing countrycarbon dioxide
发展中国家二氧化碳 undeveloped country automobile exhaust 落后国家汽车尾气 nitrogen dioxide primary air pollutant 二氧化氮一次大气污染物 carbon oxidessecondary air pollutant
碳氮化物二次大气污染物 sulfur oxidesmonoxide
硫氧化物一氧化物 nitrogen oxidesdioxide
氮氧化物二氧化物 hydrocarbonstrioxide
碳氢化合物三氧化物 photochemical oxidants carbon monoxide 光化学氧化物一氧化碳 particulates carbon dioxide 颗粒物二氧化碳inorganic compound sulfur dioxide 无机化合物二氧化硫 organic compound sulfur trioxide 有机化合物三氧化硫 radioactive substance
nitrous oxide 放射性物质一氧化二氮 heat
noisenitric oxide 噪声热 一氧化氮
strengthcontaminant
强度污染物 volatile suspended solids (VSS)
foreign matter
domestic sewage 挥发性悬浮固体颗粒生活污水杂质
municipal wastewater
microbeorganic matter 有机物质城市废水微生物 total organic carbon, TOCmicroorganism
bacteria
微生物细菌 总有机碳 chemical oxygen demand, COD
total solids
化学需氧量总固体
inorganic constituents biochemical oxygen demand, BOD 生化需氧量无机要素biodegradablesuspended solids (SS 可微生物分解的)固体悬浮物
recontaminationcontamination 再污染染污
chlorination
surface watergroundwater
prechlorination 氯氯化消毒地下水地表水预加
colloidrestrictionozonation
aeration 曝气限制胶体臭氧消毒
coagulationscreeningsoftening
activated carbon 活性炭隔栅 凝聚软化
sedimentationflocculationadsorption
reverse osmosis 反渗透吸附絮凝沉淀desalination
disinfectionfiltration 脱盐处理 过滤消毒
microbial degradation metabolize 使代谢化微生物降解
biological degradation metabolism新陈代谢生化降解
biofilm processdissolved oxygen
溶解氧生物膜法
pretreatment process activated sludge process 预处理工艺活性污泥法
attached-growthprimary clarifier 初沉池吸着生长
suspended-growthequalization basin 均质池悬浮生长
shock loading biological treatment process 生物处理工艺冲击负荷
organic loadingaeration basin 曝气池有机负荷
secondary clarifiermixed liquor suspended solids 二沉池混合液悬浮固体
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biomass
生物质 hydraulic retention time (HRT)
heterotrophic bacteria 水力停留时间异养菌sludge residence time (SRT)autotrophic bacteria
污泥停留时间自养菌
solid waste agricultural commercial flammable 可燃的固体废物农业的商业的 municipal
hazardous 危险的 putrescibl explosive 易爆的 e 易腐烂的城市化 industrial residential combustible radioactive 放射性的工业的住宅的易燃的
Landfilling
incineration:
composting:
compaction:
压实，紧凑
焚烧土地填埋堆肥 sanitary landfill
balance
batch-fed
refus 垃圾 分批投料卫生填埋 e 剩下的，余额，结余 municipal wasteperform:
shut down:
energy recovery能量回收
城市垃圾
关闭执行
incomplete combustioncombustionvolume reductionanaerobic 厌氧硝化 体积缩小不完全燃烧
燃烧
中英互译短语
Biological degradation
equalization basin
aeration basin
曝气池调节池生化降解 sludge blocs
settling tank
dissolved oxygen 溶解氧 沉淀池污泥絮体
suspended-growth
pulverized refusebiofilm 生物膜 垃圾破碎悬浮生长
well-compacted landfillnutrient sourcemass-burning 大量燃烧营养源压实填埋场
fluidized fed incarceration
soil conditioners
土壤改良剂硫化床燃烧法
greenhouse effect
caust by CO2
the world carbon budget
世界碳预算
由 2 CO2 引起的 温室效应 natural fluctuations
global warming
anaerobic
厌氧的天气自然波动 全球变暖 Putrefied
methane
ozone layer
climatic model
气候模型 甲烷腐烂臭氧层 ：normal concentration
：heavily polluted
：determining factor
决定因素严重污染物
正常浓度 ：photochemical oxidants
：liquid particulates
：sulfur-containing
含硫的液体微滴光化学氧化物
radioactiue substance
：automobile exhaust
wet oxidation 湿式氧化放射性物质：汽车尾气
Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us; that which we can see, hear,
、1 touch, smell, and taste.
环境是我们周围的物理和生物环境，我们可以看到、听到、接触到、闻到和品尝到的。
2、 Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological
characteristics of the air, water, or land that can harmfully affect the health, survival, or
activities of humans or other living organisms 污染可以定义为大气、水或者土壤在物理、化学或者生物方面 。
的特征所产生的不愉快的变化，它对人类的健康、生存和活动或者其他的有机体都产生了有害的影响
3、 Two examples of interaction between systems that cause major environmental disturbances are
presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a global problem, and the acid rain problem,
normally of regional nature 目前大气中二氧化碳的增多，是一个全球性的问题，还有酸雨问题，一般来说它都具有一
定的区域特性，这就是两个关于系统之间的相互联系而产生重大环境问题的例子。
4、 With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land,
disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls.
经过这些进步，尽管还是有一些破坏性的影响，例如耕地、森林的消失，环境的污染和新的生物反抗的控制
5、 Both phenomena, urbanization and industrialization, were and are fundamental causes of water and
air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle.城市化和工业化两者的现象，是 过去和现在水污染和大气污染的根本原因，在过去这些城市是处理不了的
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6、 Rapid advances in technology for the treatment of water and the partial treatment of wastewater
took place in the developed countries over the next few decades. 在接下来的几十年理发达国家，在水治 。
理和部分废水治理技术方面都取得了快速的进展
1、 What Is Air Pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals
in high enough concentrations to harm humans, other animals,
vegetation or materials. There are
two major types of air pollutants .A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the
air that occurs in a harmful concentration. It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide,
that rises above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such as a
lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline. A secondary air pollutant is a harmful
chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components. Serious air
pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants
during a period of air stagnation. The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such
as Los Angeles and Mexico City, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation
and pollution buildup 什么是大气污染？大气污染一般定义为含有一种或多种浓度足够高得而且对人类、其他动物、植物或者物质产生有害影响的物质，有两种主要类型的大气污染，一次大气污染是一种化学物质直接排放到大气中并达到一定的有害浓度，他可以是空气仲的自然组分，例如二氧化碳，当它的浓度升高到超过它的正常值时，或者一些平常在大气中找不到的组分，例如汽车燃烧含铅汽油而导致大气中散发出一些化合物。二次大气污染物是指在大气中通入现有组分间发生的化学反应而产生的一种有害化学物质。严重的大气污染通常是在静风条件下经过一段时间后结果一个城市或其他地区的大气中有高浓度的污染物。一些人口非常稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥的地理位置，使得它们经常特别易受空气流动停滞和
污积物的增加的影响。
The most severe consequence of CO2 induced global warming would be melting of the polar ice caps
、1 and he subsequent rise of ocean levels and inundation of coastal plains. 二氧化碳导致全球变暖最严重的后果将会是两极冰块的融化和海平面的上升以及沿海地区洪水的泛滥。
2、 Although global warming from the already elevate levels of atmospheric CO2 has been predicted by
most climatic models, such a warming has not been empirically observed. 虽然全球气候变暖已经是通过
的浓度升高而被许多气候模型而预测得到，如此的一种变暖还没有以经验为主地观察 CO2 大气仲
Although they indicate trends in average surface temperatures and climate, they unfortunately
3、 coincide with increased industrialization and pollution 虽然他们指出表面温度和气候的平均趋势，但是他们不幸地与工业化增加和污染相一致
High biomass systems: Many current approaches to high biomass system employ a combination of fixed
4、 film suspended biomass in the process. High biomass systems have gained a certain popularity in
Europe. During the past few years, a number of investigations undertaken in the Federal Republic
of Germany have been reported. Among the advantages attributed to such systems have been
improvements in nitrification performance, sludge settleability, and effluent quality.高生物质系统：现在很多应用在高生物质系统的方法是生物质固定膜上的组合工艺法。高生物质系统在欧洲得到了广泛的普及，在过去的几年里，由德国联邦政府着手的大量调查研究都被报道，在这样的优势归因于系统已经改善了硝化性能，污泥的沉降性和出水水质
5、 Reasons for selecting high biomass systems over construction of additional aeration tanks and
clarifiers(or other secondary treatment process) include reduced space requirements, increased
process stability, and capital/operating cost savings. 选择高生物质系统的原因是在传统的曝气池和澄清池
或者其他二次处理工艺的构筑物中都有减少空间的需要，增加工艺的稳定性能和节省操作费用
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High biomass systems call for installation of supplemental equipment over that contained in a
6、 conventional activated sludge plant, More installed equipment generally implies more maintenance,
and, to some extent, this is true for some of the systems. In addition, the presence ...
2 Xuedong Wang, Professor, Ph.D in 2003, Major in Environmental Chemistry 2003-2008 Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Educaitonal Ministry of China, Central China Normal UniversityWenzhou Medical College Published more than 60 papers, among which 42 papers are SCI papers The largest experience for me is one should often read and practice in writing scientific papers. If you can write, correct and publish 10 papers, then can write
fluently scientific papers concerned with your major in Engish 2008-present School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Introduction to myself
3Arrangement for this courseEnvironmental Science English Unit 1-5: 1-10 weeks by Xuedong Wang Unit 6-7: 11-13 weeks by Shuhui Huang Unit 8-9: 14-16 weeks by Ping Wang
4Contents from Unit 1-5Unit 1: Vanishing Aral SeaSupplementary Reading (SR): Ecosystem BiomesUnit 2: Taking ResponsibilitySR: The coming age of water scaricity Unit 3: Historical Basis of PollutionSR: Water Pollution Unit 4: ISO 14000SR: Toxic Effects of Metals in Water Pollution Unit 5: Application of Sustainability strategies SR: Methods of Wastewater Treatment
Some basic requirements for each unit (4 hours) Grasp the professional vocabulary Be familiar with writing and translating skills Translation from English to Chinese or Chinese to English Writing task
Reference books: 环境科学专业英语 于苏俊 编著西南交通大学出版社出版ISSN 7-81104-060-3环境科学专业英语 王素风 编著中国环境科学出版社ISSN 7-80163-833-4
Unit 1: Vanishing Aral SeaLeisure [leʒə]
休闲的 安逸的Parliamentarian [pɑ:ləmentæriən]
议员Legacy ["leɡəsi]
遗产 遗留之物Cartographer
["kɑ:tɔɡrəfə]
绘图员 制图员Bluff ["blʌf]
悬崖 峭壁 抖岸Siphon ["saifən]
吸出Diversion [dai"və:ʃən]
转移 转向Rampant [ræmpənt]
蔓延的 无节制的Aquatic [ə" kwætik]
水生的Terrestrial [ti " restriəl] 陆生的Daunt [dɔnt]
使丧失勇气 使气馁
Vocabulary Graveyard [greiv"jɑ:d]
船体Rip [rip] 扯破 撕裂Damp [dæmp] 潮湿的 减弱 抑制Succumb [sə" kʌm] 屈从 屈服Dry up
干枯Underescore [ʌndəskɔ] 下划线 强调Household [haushould] 居家Insurmountable [insəmauntəbl] 不可逾越的 难以克服的Agenda [ə‘ dʒendə] 议程表Dust storm 沙尘暴
Main difficult phrases 1 Winds ripping across the desert were lifting tens of millions of tons of a toxic salt-dust and chemical residue from exposed seabed each year and dumping it on surrounding croplands and villages 狂风夹杂着千万吨的有毒含盐尘土和化学残留物从裸露的海床吹向周围的农田和村庄
Main difficult phrases 2 Around the world countless river, lakes and wetlands are succumbing to damps, river diversions,
rampant and other pressures 世界无数的河流、湖泊和湿地正在屈服于衰弱、改道、失控和其他不利状况。
Main difficult phrases 3 But the sad reality is that the rules and policies that drive water related decisions have not adequately promoted them. We have the ability to provide both people and ecosystems with the water they need for good health, but those goals need to be elevated on the political agenda
Main difficult phrases 但令人遗憾的是能够促进水资源合理利用的相关政策和法规未能充分地推动该项工作的开展。我们有能力向民众和生态系统提供保持健康状态所需要的水但是这些目标的实现需要提升到政治的议事日程上来解决。
Homeworks 1 Pages 5-6: translation
A, B 2 Writing task: My Hometown RiverA: My hometown river has suffered____B: There was something wrong about my hometown river that caused it to be degraded.C: My viewpoint on protecting my hometown river from the potential, deleterious effect.
Part B: Ecosystem BiomesContinental land masses: 大陆块Bison
[‘baisn] 野牛Sloth [sləu]
树懒Kangaroo [kæŋɡə‘ru:] 袋鼠Biome[‘baiəum] 生物群系Playtus [plætipəs]
鸭嘴兽Savanna [sə‘vænə]
热带大草原Floral [‘flɔ:rəl]
植物群的Faunal [fɔ:nəl]
动物群的
Vocabulary Harsh [hɑ:ʃ] 粗糙的 荒芜的 Fleshy [fleʃ]
多肉的 肉质的 Cacti [‘kækti]
仙人掌 仙人球 Euphorbia [ju:‘fɔ:biə]
大戟属植物 Prairie [‘prɛəri]
大草原 Pampas [pæmpəz] 南美大草原 Inhabitant [inhæbitənt] 栖息地 Spruce [spru:s]
杉树
Main difficult sentences Biome is a major ecological unit, classified according to its key plant and animal life 生物群落是依据主要植物和动物种类而进行分类的基本生态单元
Main difficult sentences The marvelous diversity of life, everywhere evolving and adapting through time, nevertheless displays unexpected kinships in the space represented by the earth’s biomes and their inhabitants. 随时间、地点而进化和适应的生物多样性在不同生物群落和他们的栖息地之间显示了一定的家族关系。
Vocabulary Kinship [‘kinʃip] 家族关系 Steppe
[‘step] 西伯利亚草原 Tap [tæp] 开发 利用 Marvelous
不可思议的 非凡的 惊异的 Cones [kəun] 球果类植物 Hoof [hu:f] 马蹄
语法和写作部分 1 专用名词翻译规则1音译Fukien福建 Sofa沙发Tsinghua University清华大学2意译Oxford university,牛津大学Summer Palace,颐和园 3音译+意译 Erhuan Road 二环路Xilai Weir西来堰Zhejiang Province浙江省Wenzhou City, 温州市
文体结构和特点 一 篇章结构 1前置部分标题、论文作者、摘要、关键词2内容部分引言、正文材料和方法、结果与分析结论、致谢3后置部分参考文献
文体结构和特点 1 常用 It……that……结构 It is conceivable that soil will be degenerating with improper use It has been proved that agriculture is the main contributor to watershed pollution
文体特点 英文文章中常使用被动语态 The linear realtionship between factors A and B was obtained with coefficient of definition (R2) of 0.9934 We obtained the linear relationship between A and B with R2of 0.9934 Underground water can be broken up into three types
Unit 2-Part A Penury [´penjuri] 贫困 贫穷 Squalor [skwɔlə]
肮脏 悲惨 贫穷 Neutron [´njutrən]
中子 Fission [´fiʃən] 裂变 Scruple [´skru:pl]
顾虑 Substantiate
[səb´stænʃieit] 证明 证实 Dire [´daiə] 可怕的 Betterment
改善 改进 Utopian [jutəupjən]
乌托邦的 理想化的 Scourge [skə:dʒi] 惩罚、灾难、祸患
Unit 2-Part A Avidly [´ævidli] 渴望的 热心的 Dilemma [di´lemə]
左右为难 Retaliation
[ri´tælieiʃən]
报复还击 Imperil [imperil]陷于危险 危及 Ethos [i:θɔs] 气质 Annus mirabilis 奇迹迭出年 Push forward 抓紧进行 Inelastic scattering of neutrons 中子的非弹性散射 In seventh heaven 处于无比的幸福中精神特质
Main difficult sentences It occurred to me (as it did to others) that several neutrons should be emitted at fission, and it did not take me long to confirm it experimentally. This opened fateful possibilities: a chain reaction leading to the release of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. But also to the atom bomb 我想到如别人想到的一样在裂变时会发射中子不久我用实验证实了这一点。导致核能释放的链式反应即可用于和平目的也可用于制造原子弹
Main difficult sentences Whether directly through the development of new military capabilities, or indirectly through the uneven distribution of the benefits of new technologies, the future of civilization and the very existence of the human species is imperiled. 无论是直接表现为新军事力量增长还是通过新技术引起的利益分配不平等的直接表现都已经危机到人类文明的前景和人类的有效生存。
Main difficult sentences My rationale was that the only way to prevent Hitler from using the bomb, and winning the war, was for us too to have it and to threaten retaliation. 我的想法是阻止希特勒使用原子弹并赢得这场战争的关键是我们拥有原子弹并将其用于战争威胁。
Homeworks Page 28: Translation: English to Chinese Translation: Chinese to English Writing task: My outlook on Science and Technology
Part B- the coming age of water scarcity Scarcity
[´skɛəsiti]
不足 缺乏 Glacier [´ɡlæsjə]
冰河 冰川 Minuscule [minʌskju:l] 非常小 极细微的 Precipitation [prisipi´teiʃən] 降水 降雨量 Tempestuous [tem´pestuəs] 剧烈的 Erratic[i´rætik] 反复无常的 Untapped
[ʌn´tæpt] 未被利用的 Monsoon [mɔ:nsu:m] 季风
Part B- Vocabulary Oasis [əu´eisis] 绿洲 Chloera
[´kɔlərə] 霍乱 Intestinal [in´testinl] 肠的 内脏的 Worm [wəm]蠕虫 Vulnerable [´vʌlnərəbl] 易受伤的 敏感的 Aquifer [´ækwifə] 地下蓄水层 Plunge [plʌndʒ]
下降 下倾 Deficit [´defisit] 不足 赤字肥沃土地
Part B-Vocabulary Plight [plait] 不幸的境况 Lush [lʌʃ] 极为茂盛 繁茂 Virtually [´və:tʃuəli]
实际上 几乎是 Untallied
[´ʌntælid] 无法计算的 Diversity [dai´vəsiti] 多样性 Tundra [´tʌndrə]
冻原 冻土地带 Jeopardize [´dʒepədaiz] 危及伤害
Part B- Vocabulary Ganges [´ɡæŋdʒiz] 恒河 Jordan [´dʒɔ:dn] 约旦河 Nile [nail] 尼罗河 Colorado [kɔ:lərɑ:dəu] 克罗拉多 Lagoon [lə´gu:n] Ethiopia[i:θi´əupjə] 埃塞俄比亚 Run dry 干枯 Standing bodies of water (stagnant water)死水 Harbinger
[´hɑ:bindʒə] 预言 预兆
Main difficult sentences It has dropped by 58% since 1950, as the population climbed from 2.5 to 6 billion, and will fall an additional 33% within fifty years if our numbers reach 8.9 billion, the middle of the projected range 自1950年以来随着人口从25亿升至60亿人均淡水量已下降了58%在未来百年的中期50年的时间里如果人口达到89亿人均淡水量还会再下降33%。
Main difficult sentences Many rivers are tempestuous and erratic, running high when water is needed least and low when it is needed most 许多河流桀骜不驯、反复无常不需要水时水位高涨而最需要水时水位低平。
Part of difficult sentences How such a shift will affect food production, employment in rural areas, rural-to-urban migration and social stability are critical questions that hardly been asked, much less analyzed. 这种用水方式的改变将会影响到粮食生产、农村富余劳力就业、农村向城市人口的迁移及社会稳定等许多严重的问题然而它们很少被问及也很少有人对它们进行分析。
Main difficult sentences The great naturalist Aldo Leopold, who canoed through delta in 1922, called it “a milk and honey wilderness”, a “land of a hundred green lagoons”. As I walked amid salt flats, mud-cracked earth and murky pools, I could hardly believe I was in the same place that Leopold had described
伟大的...
1.Elements of ecology 生态学原理 Element n. 元素；要素；原理；成分；自然环境 Data Element
[ 计]
数据元素；数据元；资料元素；数 Popular element
流行 元素；盛行元素；风行元素 Eg.When an element is caused to combine with oxygen it is oxidized. 当 使一种元素与氧化合时，即称其被氧化。
2.Physical environment 自然环境 Physical adj. [ 物] 物理的；身体的；物质的 n. 体格检查 physical security
[ 安全]
物理安全；实体 安全 Physical property
[ 化学][ 材]
物理 特性 Physical Therapy
[ 临床]
物理治疗； 物理疗法 Eg.They have cleared up the cause of the physical change. 他们 已经搞清楚这个物理变化的成因。
3.Make up
组成，构成 Eg. They"ll do all they can to make up the economic losses. 他们 要尽一切力量弥补这些经济损失。
。
4.Ecosystem
生态系统 prairie ecosystem
草原生态系统 microbial ecosystem
[ 微] 微生物生态系统 Eg. Without water, we would not be able to grow the food we eat, to sustain ourselves or the ecosystem. 没有 水，我们就不能种植我们所吃的食物，不能维持我们的生命或生态系统。
5.Tenet
["tenɪt]
Company tenet
企业 宗旨；公司宗旨；企业 主旨 serve tenet
服务 宗旨 Eg. “All performance starts with clear goals” is a basic tenet of management. “ 任何行动皆源于明确的目标”，这是管理的基本宗旨。
6.Three broad categories of actors 三大类行动者 Broad adj. 宽的，辽阔的；显著的；大概的 n. 宽阔部分 adv. 宽阔地 Eg. The countryside is veined by new broad highways. 乡村 地区密布四通八达的宽阔的新公路。
Category n. 种类，分类；[ 数] 范畴 grammatical category
语法 范畴；语法分类；文法种类 price category
价格 分类 Eg. Most users fall into this category. 大多数 用户属于这一种类。
Actor n. 男演员；行动者；作用物 film actor
男 男 电影明星；电影男 演员 leading actor
男主角 ；主角；最佳男主角；男配角 child actor
童星 ；儿童演员 Eg. A good actor renders a character to the life. 好 演员能将一个人物演得栩栩如生。
7.Producer n. 制作人，制片人；生产者；发生器 producer equilibrium
生产者 均衡；生产者平衡 film producer
电影 监制；电影制片人；制片人；职业 Eg. Jack doubles as director and producer. 杰 克兼当导演和制片人。
8.Nutrient n. 营养物；滋养物 adj. 营养的；滋养的 nutrient medium
营养 培养基；培养基 nutrient artery
[ 解剖]
营养动脉；[ 解剖]
滋养动脉 nutrient diagnosis
营养诊断 Eg. Choose them if you like, but don’t confuse the nutrient composition. 如果 你喜欢的话就选择它们，但是不要混淆营养成分。
9.Photosynthesis
[,fəʊtə(ʊ)"sɪnθɪsɪs]
artificial photosynthesis
人工 光合作用；光合作用 photosynthesis model
光 光 合成模型 Best Photosynthesis
最佳 平面合成 Eg. The main way that carbon dioxide is absorbed by the ocean is through photosynthesis by planktonic algae. 大气 中的二氧化碳被海洋吸收的主要方式就是浮游海藻的光合作用。
10.Organic molecule
有机分子 Organic
adj. [ 有化] 有机的；组织的；器官的；根本的 Organic solvents
有机 溶剂；耐有机溶剂色牢度；有机溶液 Organic Growth
有机 增长；有机成长；自然 增长 Eg. If you buy organic, what convinced you to do so? 如果 你买有机食品，是什么说服你去这样做？
11.Be referred to as
被称之为 Refer vi. 参考；涉及；提到；查阅 vt. 涉及；委托；归诸于；使… 求助于 Eg.Our observations may contain a grain of truth for you to refer to. 我们 的意见也许会有千虑一得之处， 供你参考。
12.Trophic level
营养级 Trophic adj. 营养的；有关营养的 trophic nerve
营养 神经 trophic levels
营养级 ；营养水平 trophic relationship
营养 的联系；营养联系 Eg. The percentage of usable chemical energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next is called ecological efficiency . 当 生物量从一个营养水准到下一个叫做生态的效率时，可使用化学的能源的百分比转移。
13.Autotroph n. 自养生物；靠无机物质生存的生物 facultative autotroph
[ 生物]
兼性自养生物 obligate autotroph
绝对 自营性植物 chemosynthetic autotroph
[ 微]
化能合成自养菌 Eg. And the activity of those phytoplankton and autotroph can even change the direction of DINS fluxes. 浮游植物 的活动甚至有可能改变无机氮在沉积物水界面的扩散方向。
14.Consumer n. 消费者；用户，顾客 consumer demand
[ 经]
消费者需求； 消费者 consumer promotion
[ 贸易]
消费者 促销 consumer pack
零售 包装 Eg. So much of that depends on the consumer. 这 在很大程度上依赖于消费者。
15.Ingest vt. 摄取；咽下；吸收；接待 Eg. And the organization is urging all United States athletes to be aware of what they ingest. 组织 强烈要求所有美国运动员要知道他们自己摄取的食物是什么。
16.high-energy molecule 高能分子 Molecule n. [ 化学] 分子；微小颗粒，微粒 polar molecule
[ 物]
极性分子；[ 物]
有极分子 Molecule Biology
分子生物学 ；分子学 gram molecule
克分子 Eg. They have developed all kinds of tools to synthesize and manipulate this molecule. 他们 已经研究出各种各样合成和处理这些分子的方法。
17.The progressive use of energy
能量的渐进使用 Progressive adj. 进步的；先进的 n. 改革论者；进步分子 Eg. China needs to assimilate a good deal of foreign progressive culture, but she must not swallow anything and everything uncritically. 中国 需要大量吸收外国的进步文化， 但决不能无批判地兼收并蓄。
18.Decomposer n. 分解体（分解已败死的原生质之有机体）；分解器 mercury decomposer
汞 汞 分解器 Decomposer Subsystem
分解者 亚系统 Eg. Mushroom was decomposer of lignin and fibre. 蕈 菌是木质素和纤维素的 分解者。
。
19.Stable inorganic compound
稳定的无机化合物 Stable n. 马厩；牛棚 adj. 稳定的；牢固的；坚定的 vi. 被关在马厩 vt. 赶入马房 stable isotope
[ 核] 稳定同位素； ；[ 核]
稳定性 同位素 stable price
[ 物价] 稳定 的价格；[ 物价]
稳定的物价 stable distribution
[ 数] 稳定分布； ；[ 数]
稳态分布
Compound vt. 合成；混合；和解妥协；搀合 vi. 和解；妥协 n. [ 化学] 化合物；混合物；复合词 adj. 复合的；混合的 Eg. Water is a compound containing the elements hydrogen and oxygen. 水 是含有氢元素和氧元素的化合物。
20.Residual inorganics
剩余无机物 Residual n. 剩余；残渣 adj. 剩余的；残留的 Residual value
剩余价值 ；残值；剩馀价值；残余价值 residual magnetism
[ 电磁]
剩磁；残磁；顽磁；剩余磁性 Residual asset
剩余 资产；剩馀资产；残剩资产 Eg. Note: Produces one residual flash when turned off. 注意 ：关闭时，产生一道剩余闪光。
21.Building block n. 积木；构件，基础材料 building-block machine
组合 机床；联合机床 building-block counter
标准 规格计数器 22.Cyclic adj. 环的；循环的；周期的 Eg. Economize on energy and resources to develop a cyclic economy. 节约 各类能源和资源，努力发展循环经济。
23.Dynamic balance
动态平衡 Dynamic adj. 动态的；动力的；动力学的；有活力的 n. 动态；动力 Eg. In life we should be striving for dynamic balance, not a static one. 在 生活中我们应该努力寻求动态平衡而不是静态平衡。
Balance n. 平衡；余额；匀称 vt. 使平衡；结算；使相称 vi. 保持平衡；相称；抵销 white balance
[ 电子]
白平衡； ； [ 电子]
白均衡；红外线波长 balance beam
平衡木 ；均衡木；[ 建]
平衡梁；[ 建]
平衡杆 Eg. Can you balance on one foot? 你 能独脚站着保持平衡吗?
24.Homeostasis
[,hɒmɪə(ʊ)"steɪsɪs]
n. [ 生理] 体内平衡；[ 自] 内稳态 ecological homeostasis
生态平衡 ；生态均衡；生态的自动平衡 immune homeostasis
免疫 自稳；免疫自身 稳定； 免疫稳态 calcium homeostasis
钙 钙 稳态 Eg. After the stressor disappears, the body returns to its normal state (homeostasis). 在 压力消失后，身体就会回复到标准状态（内稳态）。
25.Drought n. 干旱；缺乏 drought region
干旱 地区 drought tolerance
[ 农学][ 植]
耐旱性 Eg. We had to replant after the drought. 旱灾 之后我们只得重新再种。
26.expose…to
使… 暴露于，接触 Expose vt. 揭露，揭发；使曝光；显示 expose to
暴露 ；使暴露；使曝光；暴露于 expose uncover
使 使 暴露；暴露于 Auto Expose
自动 曝光 Eg. The corrupt official bought off those who might expose him. 那 名接受贿赂的官员收买了那些可能会揭发他的人。
...
is waste reduction/waste minimization?
1. 句子英译中 (1) Raw materials that lose their usefulness because they sit on shelf too long become wasted. 因搁置太久而失去使用价值的原料变成废品。
(2）Poor cleaning of parts or inadequate dragout time will reduce the usefulness of the process chemicals, increase the cost of waste disposal, and the cost of chemical replacement. 不洁部分或废酸洗液的时间不足会导致反应物利用率不高，增加废物处理费用和替代物质费用。
（3）Lockheed successfully switched from an alkaline cyanide cadmium bath to an acidic noncyanide cadminum bath.洛克希德成功地把碱性氰化物镉水浴转变成为了酸性非氰化物镉水浴。
（4）Don’t try to reinvent the wheel. Develop networking partners to share ideas. 不要走老路。结识合作伙伴，分享理念。
2. 词组英译中 Waste reduction/waste minimization 垃圾减量化/垃圾最小化；in-process 在…过程中；housekeeping 家务管理；equipment modification 设备改进；landfills 废物填埋场；biodegradable solvents 能进行生物降解的溶剂； volatile chemicals 稳定的化学物质；management commitment 管理委员会。
U4
Test
: Environmental Analysis
1. 词组英译中 Precision and accuracy 准确度和精确度；bulk collection 批量收集；matrix material 基体材料（基质）； Analysis sequence 分析序列；multivariate statistics 多元统计；interactive effect 相互影响；insofar 在…范围下； Overall analytical scheme 整体分析方案。
5.translate paragraph 1—4 into Chinese. Environment analysis involves the performance of chemical，physical，and biological measurements in an environmental system . This system may involve either the natural or the polluted environment，although the term“environmental analysis”is increasingly used to refer only to situations in which measurements are made of pollutants . Normally，four types of measurements are made：qualitative analysis to identify the species present；quantitative analysis to determine how much of the species is present；speciation or characterization to establish details of chemical form and the manner in which the pollutant is actually present (such as being adsorbed onto the surface of a particle)；and impact analysis in which measurements are made for the specific purpose of determining the extent to which an environmental impact is produced by the pollutants in question .
The overall objective of environmental analysis is to obtain information about both natural and pollutant species present in the environment so as to make a realistic assessment of their probable behavior . In the case of pollutants，this involves assessment of their actual or potential environmental impact，which may be manifest in several ways . Thus，a pollutant species may present a toxicological hazard to plants or animals .It may also cause contamination of resources (such as air，water，and soil) so that they cannot be utilized for other purposes . The effects of pollutants on materials，especially building materials，may be another area of concern and one which is often very visible and displeasing (for example，the defacing of ancient statues by dioxide in the atmosphere) . A further area of environmental impact involves esthetic depreciation such as reduced visibility，dirty skies，and unpleasant odors .Finally，it is important to recognize that an environmental impact may not always be discernible by normal human perception so that detection may require sophisticated chemical or physical analyses .
In order to provide a meaningful description of the general field of environmental analysis，this field may be considered from three points of view：the basic concepts underlying the reasons for and choice of the analyses which are normally performed；the available technique and methodology commonly used；and the current status of capabilities in environmental analysis . 环境分析包括性能的化学、物理和生物测量在一个环境系统。这个系统可能涉及要么自然或污染环境,尽管术语“环境分析”是越来越多的使用仅仅在哪些情况下测量的污染物。
通常情况下,四种类型的测量是:定性分析确定物种的礼物;定量分析,确定有多少物种存在;物种形成或特性建立细节的化学形式和方式,在污染物实际上是现在的(如被吸附到表面的粒子);和影响分析,测量是为特定目的的确定环境影响程度产生的污染物的问题。
环境分析的总体目标是获取信息和污染物种类都是自然存在于环境,使一个现实的评估他们的可能的行为。对于污染物,这包括评估他们的实际或潜在的环境影响,这可能是体现在几个方面。因此,一个污染物种类可能提出一个毒理学危害植物或动物。它也可能导致污染的资源(如空气、水和土壤),这样他们就不能用于其他目的。污染物在材料的影响,尤其是建筑材料,可能是另一个值得关注的领域,一个通常非常明显和令人不愉快的(例如,丑化的古希腊雕像由二氧化碳在大气中)。进一步的区域环境影响涉及审美折旧如能见度的,肮脏的天空,和不愉快的气味。最后,重要的是要认识到,环境影响可能并不总是由正常的人类感知明显,以便检测可能需要复杂的化学或物理分析。
为了提供一个有意义的描述的一般环境分析的领域,这个领域可以考虑从三个观点:基本概念和选择的原因的分析,一般执行;可用的技术和方法学常用;和当前状态的功能在环境分析。
U8 Type and sourc es of air pollutants
1. 英译中 Primary pollutant 一次污染物；secondary pollutant 二次污染物；air stagnation 空气停滞；herbicide 除草剂；
nitrous oxide 一氧化二氮；nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮；soot 煤烟；dust 灰尘；smog 烟雾；ozone 臭氧；pesticide 杀虫剂。
2. 中译英 正常浓度 normal concentration； 严重污染的 serious pollution determining factors；液体微滴 liquid droplets； 光化学氧化物 photochemical oxide；放射性物质 radioactive substances；不完全氧化 incomplete oxidation； 含硫的 sulfur-containing；风化 wind erosion；汽车尾气 automobile exhaust.
3.
What Is Air Pollution ？Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans，other animals，vegetation or materials . There are two major types of air pollutants . A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration . It can be a natural air component，such as carbon dioxide，that rises above its normal concentration，or something not usually found in the air，such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline .
A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components . Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of air stagnation . The geographic location of some heavily populated cities，such as Los Angeles and Mexico City，makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup .
空气污染是什么?空气污染空气,通常定义为包含一个或更多的化学物质浓度足够高伤害人类,其他动物,植物或材料。主要有两种类型的空气污染物。一个主要的空气污染物是一种化学直接添加到空气,发生在一个有害的浓度。它可以是一个自然空气组件,比如二氧化碳,这高于正常浓度,或者是没有通常的空气中找到,比如铅化合物排放汽车燃烧含铅汽油。一个二次空气污染物是一种有害的化学大气中形成通过化学反应在空气组件。严重的空气污染的结果通常在一个城市或其他地区,是高水平的污染物排放在一段空气停滞。地理位置的一些人口稠密
的城市,如洛杉矶和墨西哥城,让它们特别容易受到频繁的空气停滞和污染积聚。
4.英译中 To escape the smog you might go home, close the doors and windows, and breathe in clean air. But a number of Scientists have found that the air inside homes and offices is often more polluted and dangerous than outdoor air on a smoggy day. The indoor pollutants include：（1）nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide from gas and wood-burning stoves without adequate ventilation; (2) carbon monoxide soot，and cancer-causing benzopyrene (from cigarette smoke); (3) various organic compounds from aerosol spray cans and cleaning products；（4）formaldehyde（which causes cancer in rats）from urea-formaldehyde foam insulation，plywood，carpet adhesives, and particle board；（5）radioactive radon and some of its decay products from stone， soil， cement， and bricks；and（6）
ozone from the use of electrostatic air cleaners. 为了躲避烟雾你可能会去的家，关闭门窗，呼吸清洁的空气.但是一些科学家已经发现，在一个烟雾弥漫的一天房子内和办公室内的空气比室外空气污染和危险的。室内污染物包括：(1)由于没有足够的通风产生一氧化碳和二氧化碳；(2)二氧化碳、烟煤和致癌物质苯并芘（来自抽烟）；(3)各种有机化合物的喷雾罐和清洁产品；(4)脲醛泡沫绝缘材料，胶合板，地毯胶粘剂，和刨花板的甲醛（大鼠）会导致癌症；(5)和一些放射性氡及其衰变产物的石头，泥土，水泥和砖；(6)使用静电空气净化器的臭氧为零。
U11 Test:
effects of air pollution 1.英译中 (1) Reduction in visibility results in a social cost due to slowdown of air traffic and the need for instrument-guided landing systems. 减少能见度产生的社会成本是由于经济放缓的空中交通和需要仪表引导着陆系统. （2）These impacts are taken into consideration when sensitive components are designed, and the required protective measures or design modifications add to the cost of the item being produced. 这些影响都考虑当敏感元件的设计,和所需的保护措施或设计修改添加到项目的成本被生产。
2. 中译英 肺囊 lung sac； 氟中毒 fluoric cachexia ；煤烟 soot；呼吸系统 respiratory system；过滤 filte ； 吸附 adsorption； 浓度 concentration；硫化氢 hydrogen sulfide；硫化铅 lead sulfide
U12 water pollution and pollutant
1. 英译汉 Treatment facilities 净化结构；municipality 市政；population equivalent 人口当量； basement flooding 地下室泛滥；per capital 按人均计算； per day 每天；runoff 径流量；domestic sewage 生活污水；the type of terrain 地形
3. 翻译“Industrial wastewater”部分
U16 Biological wastewater treatment
1. 英译汉 Biological degradation 生物降解；equalization basin 调节池；aeration basin 曝气池；sludge flocs 絮凝体；settling tank 沉淀池；dissolved oxygen 溶解氧；biofilm 生物膜；suspended – growth 悬浮生长
3.翻译下段文字 High biomass systems：Many current approaches to high biomass systems employ a combination of fixed film suspended biomass in the process . High biomass systems have gained a certain popularity in Europe .
During the past few years，a number of investigations undertaken in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRC)have been reported . Among the advantages attributed to such systems have been improvements in nitrification performance，sludge settleability，and effluent quality . Reasons for selecting high biomass systems over construction of additional aeration tanks and clarifiers (or other secondary treatment process) include reduced space requirements，increased process stability，and capital/operating cast savings .
High biomass systems call for installation of supplemental equipment over that contain...
New Words & PhrasesArtifact: An object produced or shaped by human craft, especially a tool, a weapon, or an ornament of archaeological or historical interest.人工制品：
人工生产或仿制的物品， 尤指工具， 武器， 或带有考古或历史趣味的装饰品.Virus: Any of various simple submicroscopic parasites of plants, animals, and bacteria that often cause disease and that consist essentially of a core of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat. Unable to replicate without a host cell, viruses are typically not considered living organisms.病毒：
各种动物、 植物和细菌的简单亚微观寄生虫之一， 常引 起疾病，主要由核糖核酸或脱氧核糖酸的一个核组成， 周围有蛋白质包围。
离开寄主细胞不能复制本身， 病毒通常不被认作为是生物体。
Fungi: fungus的复数。Any of numerous eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Fungi, which lack chlorophyll and vascular tissue and range in form from a single cell to a body mass of branched filamentous hyphae that often produce specialized fruiting bodies. The kingdom includes the yeasts, molds, dhsmuts, and mushrooms.Famine: A drastic, wide-reaching food shortage.
饥荒：
食物严 重的， 普遍的短缺。真菌：
一种缺乏叶绿素和血管组织的真菌界真核生物， 存在形式从一个单细胞到整个枝状菌丝体不等， 经常可产生专化子实体。
这一界生物包括酵母、 霉菌、 担子菌和蘑 菇。
chlorin: 氯chlorinated:含氯的; 氯化(了 )的stratosphere: The region of the atmosphere above the troposphere and b lthhbelow the mesosphere.平流层：
位于对流层之上中顶层之下的范围的大气stratospheric: Of, relating to, or characteristic of the stratosphere.平流层的：
属于、 关于平流层的或具有平流层的典型特征的
1 ) Where earlier people limited ability to alter their surroundings, we now have power to extract and consume resources, produce wastes, and modify Translationour world in ways that threaten both our continued existence and that of many organisms with which we share the planet.
2) A relatively new field, environmental science is highly interdisciplinary, integrating natrual of the world aroud us.3) While there are many things to appreciate and celebrate about the world in which we live, many pressing environmental problems cry out for our attention.
4) Compared to the conditions on other planets in our solar system, temperatures on the earth are mild and relatively constant. Plentiful supplies of clean air, fresh water, and fertile soil are regenerated endlessly and spontaneously by geological and biological cycles.
5) Whether there are sufficient resources to support 6 billion humans-let alone 25 billion-on a sustainable basis is one of the most important questions we face.6) No one wants this noxious stuff dumped in their own backyard, but too often the solution is to export it to someone else’s.
7) Chlorinated compounds, such as the chlorofluorocarbons used in refrigeration and air conditioning, also contribute to global warming, as well as damaging the stratospheric ozone that protects us from cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.
8) These and other similarly serious problems illustrate the importance of environmental science and environmental education for everyone. What we are doing to our world, and what that may mean for our future and that of our children is paramount concern as we enter the twenty-first century.
1 ) What is environment?2) What is environment science?Writing3) List some pressing environmental problems that cry out for our attention.
4) Do you think that environmental conditions are better now or worse than they were 1 0 years ago?
Why?
形容词性后缀•1， -able表示可能的， 可以的movable可移动的， available可用的， 可得到的•2， -al表示有…的属性regional 局部的， terminal末端的， typical典型的，digital手指的， 数字的33， -ant有些是从动词派生来的有些是来•persistant持久的， 坚持的（从动词persist来的）
，resistant抵抗的， 反抗的（自 动词resist派生）•4， -ar表示…特征的， …形状的regular规则的， circular环形的， 圆的•5， -ary 表示与…有关的ordinary平常的， 通常的， voluntary自 愿的， 随意的。
•6， -ed 用于名 词加ed， 转化为形容词， 或动词过去分词作形容词Coded加密码的（名词code 加ed）
, deposited被沉淀的（由动词deposit加ed）•7， -ent与-ant同类consistent坚定的， different不同 的形容词性后缀•8， -ful由名词构成形容词useful有用的， successful成功的， helpful有帮助的•9， -ible与-able相同Visible可见的， irreversible 不可逆的•10， -ic加在外来词根的名词上， 构成形容词magnetic磁性的， aerobic需氧的， dynamic动力的
•11， -ish加在颜色的形容词上， 表示略带…色reddish带红色的， 微红的， yellowish带黄色的， 微黄的•12， -ive由动词构成形容词relative有关的， 相关的(由动词relat派生的)， sensitive灵敏的••1313， -less表示没有…的less表示没有的形容词性后缀useless无用的， lifeless无生命的•14， -ory表示…性质的， 属于…的sensory感觉的， accessory附属的、 附加的•15， -ous表示具有…的、 有…特性的dangerous有危险的， continuous在连续性的、 连续的
Preparation for Unit 2-Population ExplosionSee you next week!
科隆大教堂是哥特式建筑的经典之作米兰大教堂为哥特式知名建筑
巴黎圣母院
is waste reduction/waste minimization? 1. 句子英译中 (1) Raw materials that lose their usefulness because they sit on shelf too long become wasted. 因搁置太久而失去使用价值的原料变成废品。
(2）
Poor cleaning of parts or inadequate dragout time will reduce the usefulness of the process chemicals, increase the cost of waste disposal, and the cost of chemical replacement. 不洁部分或废酸洗液的时间不足会导致反应物利用率不高， 增加废物处理费用和替代物质费用。
（3）
Lockheed successfully switched from an alkaline cyanide cadmium bath to an acidic noncyanide cadminum bath.洛克希德成功地把碱性氰化物镉水浴转变成为了酸性非氰化物镉水浴。
（4）
Don’t try to reinvent the wheel. Develop networking partners to share ideas. 不要走老路。
结识合作伙伴， 分享理念。
2. 词组英译中 Waste reduction/waste minimization 垃圾减量化/垃圾最小化； in-process 在…过程中； housekeeping 家务管理；equipment modification 设备改进； landfills 废物填埋场； biodegradable solvents 能进行生物降解的溶剂；
volatile chemicals 稳定的化学物质； management commitment 管理委员会。
U4
Test
: Environmental Analysis 1. 词组英译中 Precision and accuracy 准确度和精确度； bulk collection 批量收集； matrix material 基体材料（基质）；
Analysis sequence 分析序列； multivariate statistics 多元统计； interactive effect 相互影响； insofar 在…范围下；
Overall analytical scheme 整体分析方案。
5.translate paragraph 1—4 into Chinese. Environment analysis involves the performance of chemical， physical， and biological measurements in an environmental system . This system may involve either the natural or the polluted environment， although the term“environmental analysis” is increasingly used to refer only to situations in which measurements are made of pollutants . Normally， four types of measurements are made：
qualitative analysis to identify the species present； quantitative analysis to determine how much of the species is present； speciation or characterization to establish details of chemical form and the manner in which the pollutant is actually present (such as being adsorbed onto the surface of a particle)； and impact analysis in which measurements are made for the specific purpose of determining the extent to which an environmental impact is produced by the pollutants in question .
The overall objective of environmental analysis is to obtain information about both natural and pollutant species present in the environment so as to make a realistic assessment of their probable behavior . In the case of pollutants，this involves assessment of their actual or potential environmental impact， which may be manifest in several ways . Thus， a pollutant species may present a toxicological hazard to plants or animals .It may also cause contamination of resources (such as air， water， and soil) so that they cannot be utilized for other purposes . The effects of pollutants on materials， especially building materials， may be another area of concern and one which is often very visible and displeasing (for example， the defacing of ancient statues by dioxide in the atmosphere) . A further area of environmental impact involves esthetic depreciation such as reduced visibility， dirty skies， and unpleasant odors .Finally， it is important to recognize that an environmental impact may not always be discernible by normal human perception so that detection may require sophisticated chemical or physical analyses .
In order to provide a meaningful description of the general field of environmental analysis， this field may be considered from three points of view：
the basic concepts underlying the reasons for and choice of the analyses which are normally performed； the available technique and methodology commonly used； and the current status of capabilities in environmental analysis . 环境分析包括性能的化学、 物理和生物测量在一个环境系统。
这个系统可能涉及要么自然或污染环境,尽管术语“环境分析” 是越来越多的使用仅仅在哪些情况下测量的污染物。
通常情况下,四种类型的测量是:定性分析确定物种的礼物;定量分析,确定有多少物种存在;物种形成或特性建立细节的化学形式和方式,在污染物实际上是现在的(如被吸附到表面的粒子);和影响分析,测量是为特定目的的确定环境影响程度产生的污染物的问题。
环境分析的总体目标是获取信息和污染物种类都是自然存在于环境,使一个现实的评估他们的可能的行为。对于污染物,这包括评估他们的实际或潜在的环境影响,这可能是体现在几个方面。
因此,一个污染物种类可能提出一个毒理学危害植物或动物。
它也可能导致污染的资源(如空气、 水和土壤),这样他们就不能用于其他目的。污染物在材料的影响,尤其是建筑材料,可能是另一个值得关注的领域,一个通常非常明显和令人不愉快的(例如,丑化的古希腊雕像由二氧化碳在大气中)。
进一步的区域环境影响涉及审美折旧如能见度的,肮脏的天空,和不愉快的气味。
最后,重要的是要认识到,环境影响可能并不总是由正常的人类感知明显,以便检测可能需要复杂的化学或物理分析。
为了提供一个有意义的描述的一般环境分析的领域,这个领域可以考虑从三个观点:基本概念和选择的原因的分析,一般执行;可用的技术和方法学常用;和当前状态的功能在环境分析。
U8 Type and sources of air pollutants 1. 英译中 Primary pollutant 一次污染物； secondary pollutant 二次污染物； air stagnation 空气停滞； herbicide 除草剂；
nitrous oxide 一氧化二氮； nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮； soot 煤烟； dust 灰尘； smog 烟雾； ozone 臭氧； pesticide 杀虫剂。
2. 中译英 正常浓度 normal concentration；
严重污染的 serious pollution determining factors； 液体微滴 liquid droplets；
光化学氧化物 photochemical oxide； 放射性物质 radioactive substances； 不完全氧化 incomplete oxidation；
含硫的 sulfur-containing； 风化 wind erosion； 汽车尾气 automobile exhaust.
3.
What Is Air Pollution？ Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans， other animals， vegetation or materials . There are two major types of air pollutants . A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration . It can be a natural air component， such as carbon dioxide， that rises above its normal concentration， or something not usually found in the air， such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline . A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components . Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of air stagnation . The geographic location of some heavily populated cities， such as Los Angeles and Mexico City， makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup .
空气污染是什么?空气污染空气,通常定义为包含一个或更多的化学物质浓度足够高伤害人类,其他动物,植物或材料。
主要有两种类型的空气污染物。
一个主要的空气污染物是一种化学直接添加到空气,发生在一个有害的浓度。
它可以是一个自然空气组件,比如二氧化碳,这高于正常浓度,或者是没有通常的空气中找到,比如铅化合物排放汽车燃烧含铅汽油。
一个二次空气污染物是一种有害的化学大气中形成通过化学反应在空气组件。
严重的空气污染的结果通常在一个城市或其他地区,是高水平的污染物排放在一段空气停滞。
地理位置的一些人口稠密
的城市,如洛杉矶和墨西哥城,让它们特别容易受到频繁的空气停滞和污染积聚。
4.英译中 To escape the smog you might go home, close the doors and windows, and breathe in clean air. But a number of Scientists have found that the air inside homes and offices is often more polluted and dangerous than outdoor air on a smoggy day. The indoor pollutants include：
（1）
nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide from gas and wood-burning stoves without adequate ventilation; (2) carbon monoxide soot， and cancer-causing benzopyrene (from cigarette smoke); (3) various organic compounds from aerosol spray cans and cleaning products； （4）
formaldehyde（which causes cancer in rats）
from urea-formaldehyde foam insulation， plywood， carpet adhesives, and particle board；（5）radioactive radon and some of its decay products from stone，
soil，
cement，
and bricks； and（6）
ozone from the use of electrostatic air cleaners. 为了躲避烟雾你可能会去的家， 关闭门窗， 呼吸清洁的空气.但是一些科学家已经发现， 在一个烟雾弥漫的一天房子内和办公室内的空气比室外空气污染和危险的。
室内污染物包括：
(1)由于没有足够的通风产生一氧化碳和二氧化碳； (2)二氧化碳、 烟煤和致癌物质苯并芘（来自抽烟）； (3)各种有机化合物的喷雾罐和清洁产品； (4)脲醛泡沫绝缘材料， 胶合板， 地毯胶粘剂， 和刨花板的甲醛（大鼠）
会导致癌症； (5)和一些放射性氡及其衰变产物的石头， 泥土， 水泥和砖； (6)使用静电空气净化器的臭氧为零。
U11 Test: effects of air pollution1.英译中(1)Reductioninvisibilityresultsinasocialcostduetoslowdownofairtrafficandtheneedforinstrument‐guidedlandingsystems. 减少能见度产生的社会成本是由于经济放缓的空中交通和需要仪表引导着陆系统.（2）
These impacts are taken into consideration when sensitive components are designed, and the requiredprotectivemeasuresordesignmodificationsaddtothecostoftheitembeingproduced.这些影响都考虑当敏感元件的设计,和所需的保护措施或设计修改添加到项目的成本被生产。
2. 中译英 肺囊 lungsac； 氟中毒 fluoriccachexia ； 煤烟 soot； 呼吸系统 respiratorysystem； 过滤 filte ； 吸附 adsorption； 浓度 concentration； 硫化氢 hydrogensulfide； 硫化铅 leadsulfide U12 water pollution and pollutant 1. 英译汉 Treatment facilities 净化结构；municipality 市政；population equivalent 人口当量； basement flooding 地下室泛滥；per capital 按人均计算； per day 每天；runoff 径流量；domestic sewage 生活污水；the type of terrain 地形
3. 翻译“Industrial wastewater”部分
U16 Biological wastewater treatment 1. 英译汉 Biological degradation生物降解；equalization basin调节池；aeration basin曝气池；sludge flocs 絮凝体；settling tank沉淀池；dissolved oxygen溶解氧；biofilm 生物膜；suspended – growth悬浮生长
3.翻译下段文字 High biomass systems：
Many current approaches to high biomass systems employ a combination of fixed film suspended biomass in the process . High biomass systems have gained a certain popularity in Europe .
During the past few years， a number of investigations undertaken in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRC)have been reported . Among the advantages attributed to such systems have been improvements in nitrification performance， sludge settleability， and effluent quality . Reasons for selecting high biomass systems over construction of additional aeration tanks and clarifiers (or other secondary treatment process) in...
第 52 号元素: 碲 [化学符号]Te, 读“帝”, [英文名称]Tellurium 第 53 号元素: 碘 [化学符号]I, 读“典”, [英文名称]Iodine 第 54 号元素: 氙 [化学符号]Xe, 读“仙”, [英文名称]Xenon 第 55 号元素: 铯 [化学符号]Cs, 读“色”, [英文名称]Cesium 第 56 号元素: 钡 [化学符号]Ba, 读“贝”, [英文名称]Barium 第 58 号元素: 铈 [化学符号]Ce, 读“市”, [英文名称]Cerium 第 59 号元素: 镨 [化学符号]Pr, 读“普”, [英文名称]Praseodymium 第 60 号元素: 钕 [化学符号]Nd, 读“女”, [英文名称]Neodymium 第 61 号元素: 钷 [化学符号]Pm, 读“颇”, [英文名称]Promethium 第 62 号元素: 钐 [化学符号]Sm, 读“衫”, [英文名称]Samarium 第 63 号元素: 铕 [化学符号]Eu, 读“有”, [英文名称]Europium 第 64 号元素: 钆 [化学符号]Gd, 读“轧”, [英文名称]Gadolinium 第 65 号元素: 铽 [化学符号]Tb, 读“忒”, [英文名称]Terbium 第 66 号元素: 镝 [化学符号]Dy, 读“滴”, [英文名称]Dysprosium 第 67 号元素: 钬 [化学符号]Ho, 读“火”, [英文名称]Holmium 第 68 号元素: 铒 [化学符号]Er, 读“耳”, [英文名称]Erbium 第 69 号元素: 铥 [化学符号]Tm, 读“丢”, [英文名称]Thulium 第 70 号元素: 镱 [化学符号]Yb, 读“意”, [英文名称]Ytterbium 第 71 号元素: 镥 [化学符号]Lu, 读“鲁”, [英文名称]Lutetium 第 72 号元素: 铪 [化学符号]Hf, 读“哈”, [英文名称]Hafnium 第 73 号元素: 钽 [化学符号]Ta, 读“坦”, [英文名称]Tantalum 第 74 号元素: 钨 [化学符号]W, 读“乌”, [英文名称]Tungsten 第 75 号元素: 镧 [化学符号]La, 读“兰”, [英文名称]Lanthanum 第 75 号元素: 铼 [化学符号]Re, 读“来”, [英文名称]Rhenium 第 76 号元素: 锇 [化学符号]Os, 读“鹅”, [英文名称]Osmium 第 77 号元素: 铱 [化学符号]Ir, 读“衣”, [英文名称]Iridium 第 78 号元素: 铂 [化学符号]Pt, 读““, [英文名称]Platinum 第 79 号元素: 金 [化学符号]Au, 读“今”, [英文名称]Gold 第 80 号元素: 汞 [化学符号]Hg, 读“拱”, [英文名称]Mercury 第 81 号元素: 铊 [化学符号]Tl, 读“他”, [英文名称]Thallium 第 82 号元素: 铅 [化学符号]Pb, 读“千”, [英文名称]Lead 第 83 号元素: 铋 [化学符号]Bi, 读“必”, [英文名称]Bismuth 第 84 号元素: 钋 [化学符号]Po, 读“泼”, [英文名称]Polonium 第 85 号元素: 砹 [化学符号]At, 读“艾”, [英文名称]Astatine 第 86 号元素: 氡 [化学符号]Rn, 读“冬”, [英文名称]Radon 第 87 号元素: 钫 [化学符号]Fr, 读“方”, [英文名称]Francium 第 88 号元素: 镭 [化学符号]Ra, 读“雷”, [英文名称]Radium 第 89 号元素: 锕 [化学符号]Ac, 读“阿”, [英文名称]Actinium 第 90 号元素: 钍 [化学符号]Th, 读“土”, [英文名称]Thorium 第 91 号元素: 镤 [化学符号]Pa, 读“仆”, [英文名称]Protactinium 第 92 号元素: 铀 [化学符号]U, 读“由”, [英文名称]Uranium 第 93 号元素: 镎 [化学符号]Np, 读“拿”, [英文名称]Neptunium 第 94 号元素: 钚 [化学符号]Pu, 读“不”, [英文名称]Plutonium 第 95 号元素: 镅 [化学符号]Am, 读“眉”, [英文名称]Americium 第 96 号元素: 锔 [化学符号]Cm, 读“局”, [英文名称]Curium 第 97 号元素: 锫 [化学符号]Bk, 读“陪”, [英文名称]Berkelium 第 98 号元素: 锎 [化学符号]Cf, 读“开”, [英文名称]Californium 第 99 号元素: 锿 [化学符号]Es, 读“哀”, [英文名称]Einsteinium 第 100 号元素: 镄 [化学符号]Fm, 读“费”, [英文名称]Fermium 第 101 号元素: 钔 [化学符号]Md, 读“门”, [英文名称]Mendelevium 第 102 号元素: 锘 [化学符号]No, 读“诺”, [英文名称]Nobelium 第 103 号元素: 铹 [化学符号]Lw, 读“劳”, [英文名称]Lawrencium
第 104 号元素: 鐪 [化学符号]Rf, 读“卢”, [英文名称]unnilquadium 第 105 号元素: [化学符号]Db, 读“杜”, [英文名称]dubnium 第 106 号元素: 钅 喜 [化学符号]Sg , 读”喜“, [英文名称] 第 107 号元素: 钅 波 [化学符号]Bh, 读"波“, [英文名称]Bohrium 第 108 号元素: 钅 黑 [化学符号]Hs, 读”黑“, [英文名称] 第 109 号元素: 钅 麦 [化学符号]Mt, 读"麦",[英文名称] 第 110 号元素: 鐽 [化学符号]Ds, 读”达“, [英文名称]Darmstadtium 第 111 号元素: 钅 仑 [化学符号]Rg, , 读”伦“, [英文名称]Roentgenium 第 112 号元素: uub（112）
第 113 号元素: uut（113）
第 114 号元素: uuq（114）
第 115 号元素: uup（115）
第 116 号元素: uuh（116）
第 117 号元素: uus 尚未发现 第 118 号元素: uuo
专业：环境科学 班级：0224121 学号：022412111 姓名：魏亚南
3、 Results and discussion 3 、结果与讨论 3.1 Flow velocity distribution in oxidation ditch。
Change of flow velocity has a certain impact onnitrogen removal process of the oxidation ditch, with its plug-flow effect and flow velocity as the variables to control total nitrogen removal efficiency [11]. Flow velocity could not only affect the sludge deposition, but also affect the hydraulic cycle time of the oxidation ditch，the proportion of the residence time of aerobic and anoxic environment, dissolved oxygen, organic matter，and the distribution of sludge concentration directly. In addition, flow velocity was also a direct reflection of the extent of disturbance in the trench, playing an important role in the shape and size of sludge floc directly, which was the key factor of the occurrence of SND process in the oxidation ditch。
3.1 ：氧化沟中的流速分布(SND：同步硝化反硝化)
流速的变化对氧化沟的脱氮过程有一定的影响。在控制总氮的去除效率过程中，氧化沟中的活塞流效率和流速是变量。流速不仅直接的影响污泥沉积，也直接影响氧化沟的水力循环时间，好氧和缺氧环境下停留时间的比例，溶解氧，有机物和污泥浓度分布，另外，流速也是氧化沟干扰程度的直接反映，在形成的污泥絮体的形状和大小上扮演重要的角色。污泥絮体在硝化和反硝化过程中是关键因素。
As can be seen from Fig. 3, flow velocity of the oxidation ditch was affected by the aeration and the changes of spatial location significantly, with the average velocity (0.140 m/s) in the trench of operating Condition 2 (opening four aeration wheels) being higher than the mean velocity (0.124 m/s) in Condition 1 (with three aeration wheels in operation). The velocity variations in the horizontal and vertical directions were also obvious,with the average velocity at the bottom, middle, upper part being 0.172, 0.122 and 0.127 m/s, which were significantly higher than the values (0.150, 0.106 and0.115 m/s) under Condition 1. In the two kinds of operating conditions, the flow velocity in the first corner and inside of the cross section 11 was low and there showed the evidence of sludge deposition. Overall, the flow velocity in most of the regions in the two operating conditions of the oxidation ditch was in the range of 0.1−0.2 m/s, with the flow velocity in most of the bottom area generally meeting the requirements of no-deposition flow velocity (0.15 m/s[12]). The power density (18.87 W/m3) in operating Condition 1 was smaller than that in operating Condition2 (24.38
W/m3) with less energy consumption。
从图 3 中可以看出，氧化沟中的流速明显受曝气和空间位置变化的影响。在操作条件 2 下(开放四个充气轮)的沟槽中，平均速度高于在条件 1(有三个运转的充气轮)的主要速度。在水平和垂直方向上的速度变化也是很明显的，在底部，中间，上部的平均速度是 0.172，0.122，和 0.172m/s，这些速度明显高于条件 1下的标准（0.150,0.106，和 0.115m/s）。在这种操作条件下，第一个拐角处和横截面 11 里的流速很低，这些显示了污泥沉积的证据。总的来说，氧化沟在这两种操作条件下的大多数的区域，流速在 0.1-0.2m/s 范围内，这种流速在大多数底部区域通常满足不沉积的流速要求，操作条件 1 下的功率密度比有少量能量消耗的操作条件 2 下的要小。
The lower flow velocity in the oxidation ditch wasmore conducive to nitrogen removal by SND [11]. There was a higher flow velocity region under the operating Condition 2, which was not only a waste of energy, but also led to the uniform distribution of the concentration of organic matter and dissolved oxygen in trench. And this made the alternating cycle time of aerobic and anoxic shorter, which was not good for the occurrence of SND process. Therefore, we should minimize the number of the opening aeration wheels under the premise of meeting the aeration demand and reduction of the sludge deposition, in order to promote the occurrence of SND process in the oxidation ditch。
通过 SND，氧化沟中的低流速更有利于脱氮。在操作条件 2 下是一个高流速区，这种条件仅仅是能量的浪费，然而这种高流速导致沟中的有机物和溶解氧
的浓度均匀分布，而且，高流速缩短了好氧和缺氧的交替周期时间，这不利于SND 工艺的发生。因此，为了促进 SND 工艺的发生，我们应该在满足曝气需求和减少污泥沉积的前提下减少充气轮的数量。
3.2 Distribution of mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS) in oxidation ditch The size of activated sludge floc is an important factor which affects the SND process. Generally, the size of activated sludge floc is 20−2 000 μm [13]. When the size of activated sludge floc is 50−110 μm, highly efficient SND process can be obtained, while the floc size is mostly in the range of 60−80 μm and upwards [14]. In the same condition, the higher the sludge concentrations and the smaller the perturbation of the sludge, the more conducive to the formation of larger activated floc is, which is helpful for the SND process。
3.2 ：氧化沟的 MLSS 活性污泥的大小是影响 SND 工艺的重要因素，通常来说，高效的 SND 工艺中可以得到大小为 50-110um 的活性污泥絮体，然而，这种絮体的尺寸大多是在60-80um 内，或是更大。在相同条件下，提高污泥浓度和干扰较小的污泥，更有利于形成较大的活性污泥。这种活性污泥对 SND 工艺是有帮助的。
From Fig. 4, it was shown that when four aeration wheels were in operation ， variations of MLSS in length, width and depth were all relatively small and the degree of mixture was high in the entire trench, which indicated that the disturbance was relatively large, and the proportion to form a large size sludge flocs should be reduced. When opening three aeration wheels，the variations of MLSS both along the flow path and in the vertical direction were larger, such as 1−4 cross section, and the MLSS
difference between the neighboring two vertical layers was greater than 1 g/L. Degree of sludge mixture in ditch became worse, but the disturbance was smaller and more conducive to the formation of large particle flocs, which might promote the occurrence of SND process。
从图 4 中，可以看出当四个曝气轮在运转，MLSS 在长度，宽度，深度的变动都相对较小，整个沟中的混合程度是很高的，这表明这种扰动相对比较大，形成相对比较大的污泥絮体的比例应该减少。当打开三个充气轮，在沿流程和垂直方向上的变动是较大的，如 1-4 截面，而且，在相邻两垂直层的 MLSS 的差异大于 1g/L，在沟中污泥的混合程度变得更糟，但是这种扰动非常小，更有利于大颗粒絮体的形成，这可能会促进 SND 工艺的发生。
Considering different influent loadings, by increasing the concentration of sludge and minimizing the number of opening aeration wheels, disturbance of the trench could be reduced, which was more conducive to the process of SND occurrence. However, the increase of sludge concentration would also cause sludge deposition or aggravate the problem of deposition. In the practical operation, it was required to consider the various factors comprehensively and determine the appropriate concentration of sludge。
考虑到不同的进水负荷，通过提高污泥浓度和减少打开充气轮的数量，可以减少槽的扰动，这更有利于 SND 工艺的发生，然而，污泥浓度的增加会导致污泥沉积或加重沉积问题，在实际操作中，需要考虑各种综合的因素和确定适当浓度的污泥。
3.3 Distribution of dissolved oxygen (DO) in oxidation itch Dissolved oxygen was the most important parameter to control the SND process occurrence in the oxidation ditch, which could directly affect the changes of aerobic-anoxic zone and the proportion of the spatial distribution. Controlling a relatively low concentration of dissolved oxygen was more conducive to the formation of aerobic and anoxic environment in the body of floc [15−16], thus creating the condition for the occurrence of SND。
3.3 ：氧化沟中的溶解氧 溶解氧是在氧化沟中控制 SND 工艺发生的重要因素，这会直接影响好痒-缺氧区的变化和空间分布的比例。控制一个相对低浓度的溶解氧，有助于在絮体上形成好养和缺氧的环境，于是形成了 SND 发生的条件。
It can be seen from Fig. 5 that when the mixture was realized through the aeration wheel, the dissolved oxygen concentration increased. When the flow went far away from the aeration wheel downstream, the dissolved oxygen concentration decreased, but aeration wheel has very small impact on the dissolved oxygen concentration upstream. Studies have shown that, SND process occurred only when c(DO)<0.8 mg/L [4, 17]. With the four aeration wheels being in operation, the entirely dissolved oxygen concentration in the trench was generally greater than 2.5 mg/L, the aerobic state was almost in the best condition, and SND condition was destroyed. With three aeration wheels being in operation, the dissolved oxygen concentration in the cross-sections in trench of the oxidation ditch was roughly in the range of 0.5−1.5 mg/L, which indicated uneven distribution along the flow direction and the formation of a large area of anoxic-aerobic alternating zone, creating an ideal condition for the occurrence of SND process。
从图 5 中可以看出，当这种混合通过曝气盘实现，溶解氧的浓度增加。当水流远离曝气盘下游，溶解氧浓度减少，然而，充气轮对溶解氧的浓度影响很小。有研究表明，只有当溶解氧浓度小于 0.8mg/L 时，SND 工艺才会发生。当有四个充气轮在运行中，沟内全部的溶解氧浓度大于 2.5mg/L，好氧状态几乎在最佳条件下，而且 SND 条件被破坏。当有三个充气轮在运行中，氧化沟中的槽的横截面上，溶解氧浓度大致范围是 0.5-1.5mg/L，这表明沿水流方向的不均匀分布，缺氧-好养交替区大面积的形成，对 SND 工艺的发生创造了一个理想的条件。
3.4 Distribution of soluble components in oxidationditch Based on the traditional nitrogen removal theory，it is considered that dissolved oxygen condition for nitrification and denitrification processes is contradictory. The higher the concentration of dissolved oxygen within the reactor is, the more conducive to nitrification process.However, under low dissolved oxygen condition, the growth rate of nitrifying bacteria is low. In this condition, the lower the dissolved oxygen concentration, the more conducive to the denitrification process. Therefore, in the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process, the supply of the dissolved oxygen should be optimized。
3.4: 氧化沟中水活性组分的分布 基于传统的脱氮理论,溶解氧条件对硝化过程被认为是矛盾的。在反应器中，溶解氧的浓度越高，越有利于硝化过程，然而在低浓度条件下，硝化细菌的溶解率很低，在此条件下，溶解氧的浓度越低，越有利于反硝化过程。因此在同步硝化和反硝化过程中，溶解氧的供应应被优化。
As can be seen from Fig. 6(a), under the operation Condition 1, along with the advancing of nitrifying process, the NH4+ concentration reduced gradually. To the end of the oxidation ditch system (sections 8−13), the dropping trend slowed down. This indicated that nitrifi...
Part one Text A:
EnvironmentUnit 1
The Environment and Environment Problem2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院2
Humans have always inhabited in two worlds. One is the natural worlds, the other is the world of social institutions and artifacts.Both worlds are essential to us, B t i tBut integrating them successfullytithf llTwo Worlds2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院3causes enduring tensions
• Inhabit: 居住于， 栖息， 占据• 1 . Methods PPD intradermal injection (皮内注射) was given to 761 children of 0-6 years old who inhabited in the precincts and receivedwho inhabited in the precincts and received BCG vaccine 12 weeks ago. 2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院4• 2. Influence of Fire in 2001 on the Inhabit and Breeding of Red—crowned Crane in Zhalong Nature Reserve
• Integrate: 融合， 完整的， 集成• 1. From Exclusion, Segregation to Integrate.• 2. Environmental Ethics and Integrate Thi kiThinking. 2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院5• 3. Noise Suppress of the Integrate Circuit • 注意：
与merge的区别
• Environment and Environment Science• Environment can be defined as:• (1) the circumstance or conditions that surround an organism or group of organisms, or ggp2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院6g,• (2) the complex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or community.
• Environments science • is the systemic study of our environment and our proper place in it.2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院7
• Interdisciplinary:各学科间的， 交叉学科的• Theoretical discipline: 理论性学科• Mission oriented: 面向对象的2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院8• Mission：
使命， 任务， 代表团， 传教• 注意 mission 与duty （义务， 责任）
的区别
• Distinguish
区别， 辨别• Distinguished：
著名的， 卓著的2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院9
Environmental dilemmas• Bountiful :慷慨的， 宽大的• We reap the bountiful harvest of what we have sown. • Prolific:多产的， 丰富的Prolific:多产的， 丰富的• Hospitable：
好客的， 周到的• Spontaneously: 自然地， 本能地， 自发地• Intriguing: 迷人的， 有迷惑力的• Populate：
使人居住， 繁衍2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院1 0
• Credible: 可靠的， 可信的， 确信无疑的1 . According to the test results the test methods is credible.
2 I2. Implementation of Parallel & Credible Network Communications Based on Windows Platform. lifPll l & C dibl2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院11
• Contamination: 污染， 污染物•The act or process of contaminating.•The state of being contaminated.•One that contaminates.2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院1 2•Pollutant: 污染物质
• Catastrophic: 悲惨的，• Tragedy：
悲剧• Disaster：
天灾灾难的2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院1 3
2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院1 4
Greenhouse Gases:carbon dioxide,methane,nitrous oxide,2.What Brings Global Warming to Us2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院1 5,HFCs, PFCs,……
Explosive PopulationPopulation2.What Brings Global Warming to Us2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院1 6Growth
ForestForest2.What Brings Global Warming to Us2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院1 7Destruction
Ice Melting:ice cap,3.What changes does it cause2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院1 8glacier,permafrost
2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院1 9
2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院20
3.What changes does it causeIncreasedd Hurricanes and Otherr DisastrousWeather2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院21
3.What changes does it cause2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院22CycloneDrought
Sea Level Rising:intense storms,beach erosionbeach erosion, land loss,salty sea water intruding into underground water3.What changes does it cause2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院23
Associated DiseaseDisease3.What changes does it cause2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院24
4.What should we do2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院25Global warming is the greatest environmental challenge in the 21 st century.----Albert Gore
Cut-down on our demand for electricity. Decrease the use of your car.4.What should we do2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院26Follow the environmental policy: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.……
2008-9-26山东轻工业学院轻化与环境学院27
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